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INCIDENCE OF PARASITIC
CONTAMINATION ON SOME SELECTED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN KAGORO AND KAFANCHAN
METROPOLIS
JULY, 2018
ABSTRACT
The parasitic contamination of
fruits and vegetables sold for consumption in kagoro and kafanchan metropolis
was assessed with respect to their contamination by ova and cysts of parasites.
Microscopic examinations of the samples were carried out using sedimentation
method. A total of two hundred (200) samples of fruits and vegetables were
examined with five (5) varieties each, from (two) markets kagoro and kafanchan.
Levels of contamination were recorded in both fruits (6.0%) and vegetables
(27.0%) examined. The highest rate of contamination (80.0%) was recorded in
cabbage while ugu was the least contaminated (25.0%). For fruits, pineapple was
the most contaminated (6.0%) while the least contamination (0.0%) was recorded
in Mango and the rest of the fruits. The Protozoans and Helminths identified
were Ascaris lumbricoides and hook worm. The most prevalent parasite
encountered was A. lumbricoides (52.8%) while hook worm (47.2%) was the least
parasite found. The study indicated high rate of protozoan and helminthes
contamination of fruits and vegetables in the study area.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Justification
1.2 Aims and
objectives
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 History
2.2 Definition of
terms
2.3 Parasitic
contamination on fruits and vegetables
2.3.1 Ascaris
Lumbricoides
2.3.2 Life cycle
2.4 Morphology
2.4.1 Epidemiology
2.4.2 Mode of
transmission
2.4.3 Signs and
symptoms
2.5 Prevention
2.5.1 Diagnosis
2.5.2 Treatment
2.5.3 Necator
Americanus
2.6 Life cycle
2.6.1 Morphology
2.6.2 Epidemiology
2.6.3 Diagnosis
2.7 Treatment
2.7.1 Prevention and
control
2.7.2 Balantidium
Coli
2.7.3 Life Cycle
2.8 Morphology
2.8.1 Epidemiology
2.8.2 Mode of transmission
2.8.3 Diagnosis
2.9 Treatment
2.9.1 Prevention and control
2.9.2 Trichuris trichuria
2.9.3 Life cycle
2.10 Morphology
2.10.1 Mode of
transmission
2.10. 2 Diagnosis
2.10. 3 Treatment
2.11. Prevention and
Control
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Research
Design
3.1 Area of study
3.1.1 Population Study
3.2 Sampling size and sampling techniques
3.3
Material/reagent
3.4 Sample
Collection
3.5 Procedure
3.6 Method
3.7 Principle
3.8 Precaution
3.9 Statistical
Analysis
3.10 Result
3.11 Data analysis
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Discussion
4.1 Conclusion
4.2 Recommendation
References
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Parasitic
infections are widely distributed throughout the world causing substantial
intimidation to the public health, economy, physical and cognitive development
particularly among children in developing countries, the poor personal hygiene,
poor environmental hygiene, and poor health system commonly observed in
developing countries make the prevalence to be highest among these populations(Okyay et al.,2004;
Wegayehu et al., 2013).
Fruits
are sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and
can be eaten as food (English oxford
living dictionaries). Vegetables are plants or parts of plants use as food,
such as cabbage, potato, spinach etc. (English
oxford living dictionaries). The consumption of fruits and vegetables helps
in protecting human body from a number of diseases by providing nutrients,
vitamins, minerals, protein, and fibers. It could also have a positive impact
on body weight regulation and related conditions including diabetes and
hypertension (Shaw et al., 2010). However, fruits and
vegetables, especially those that are consumed raw or are not properly washed,
have been the major way for the transmission of human pathogens (Abougrain et al.,
2010; Idahosa et al., 2011). Parasitic infection may be acquired in different ways
like by consumption of contaminated fruits, vegetables, other food stuff and
water (Al-Binali et al., 2006). Eating unclean, raw, or
undercooked fruits and vegetables is one of the means by which the transmission
of parasitic infections is propagated (Slifko et al., 2000). Fruits and
vegetables act as vehicles for the transmission of parasitic infections when
contaminated as a result of various associated factors related to planting,
such as while they are still in the field, harvesting, transportation, storage,
market chain, and even at home (Idahosa et
al., 2011; Omowaye et al.,2012).
If our target is to control the parasitic diseases, it is not enough to depend
merely on the chemotherapeutic of identified cases, but need the concerted
effort to reduce and eliminate the potential sources of infection.
1.1 JUSTIFICATION
Many
outbreaks of protozoan infections in humans have been linked to fruits and
vegetables (Ramanchandra 1997). Previous studies have revealed that many types
of fruits and vegetables purchased at markets in different regions from many
developing countries were contaminated with helminthes eggs as well as
protozoan cysts (Anuar 1997; Said-des et
al., 2012). In developing countries,
the continued use of untreated waste water and manure as fertilizer for the
production of fruits and vegetables is major contributing factors to
contamination, thereby causing numerous diseases (Larry 1998).I hereby carry
out this research to determine the prevalence of parasitic contamination on
fruits and vegetables.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Ø To
determine the Incidence of parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables.
Ø To
identity the rate at which fruits and vegetables are contaminated with parasite.
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